[18] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. of the Republic of the Philippines, otherwise known as the Local Government Code of 1991, is a broad legislative policy mandating the grant of comprehensive autonomy to local government units in the Philippines by devolving critical national government functions of delivery of services in agriculture, environment, health, and social Edited: Morada, Noel. Bookman Printing House, Manila, 1993. p 5 [3] Decentralization Towards Democratization ann Development in the Asian Pacific Region: Eastern Regional Organization for Public Organization (EROPA). [37] These are as follows: 1. ) Creation of autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and the Cordillera. Despite the long tradition of decentralization in health care worldwide, there remains limited evidence on its impact on health outcomes. But looking back in time, “before the arrival of Arab traders, scholars and the Spaniards in the sixteenth century, everything was local. Another form of decentralization is delegation or the transfer of some functions to semi-autonomous organization not directly under the control of the central government. One of these is the devolution of health services to the local government units (LGUs). [19] The Malolos Constitution which served as the framework of the Philippine revolutionary government, provided for the creation of municipal and provincial assemblies, autonomous local units, and popular and direct elections. Most significant devolved services include health, agriculture, environment and natural resources, social services and public works funded by local funds. Please, specify your valid email address, Remember that this is just a sample essay and since it might not be original, we do not recommend to submit it. In a sense, the code encourages them to be less reliant on the natio, 47 Bergen St--Floor 3, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA, Sorry, but copying text is forbidden on this After the 1896 EDSA People Power Revolution toppled the Marcos dictatorship, the Philippine government headed by Corazon Aquino renewed its commitment to greater decentralization as a means of attaining its development goals and objectives. Second, a high degree of centralization in the capital of Manila in Luzon came to characterize national-local relations for another century after the Spanish colonization. ———————– [1] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. In the Philippines, the pressure to increase health worker benefits and salaries arose as a consequence of the antidictatorship struggle. This transformation will be better appreciated within the context of decentralization, democratization and local empowerment. Local government units (LGU’s) are autonomous, independent and learly perceived as a separate level of government over which central authorities exercise little or no direct control. The administration’s commitment to achieving greater decentralization was further reinforced by the extensive provision on local autonomy in the 1987 Constitution. Formal centralization continued during the brief Japanese occupation (1942 – 1945). Administrative decentralization can take effect without the necessity of legislation but with the issuance of an executive or administrative order. HAVEN’T FOUND ESSAY YOU WANT? Devolution of authority, assets and personnel of various national government agencies (NGAs) to local government units (LGUs) to provide primary responsibility for basic services and facilities. The result was that central supervision rapidly increased and was personally exercised by the president to a degree previously unheard of. However, American administrators discovered that Filipino elites who came to fill posts in municipal governments “where regularly ‘mishandling public funds’ by voting all available revenue to pay for their own salaries. To this end, local governments henceforth shall be entrusted with the performance of those functions that are more properly administered in the local level and shall be granted with as much autonomous powers and financial resources as are required in the more effective discharge of their responsibilities. [16] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. 15 [35] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. The Code was meant to be centerpiece of a government that came into power by overthrowing a dictatorship. ”[16] Local discretion in the governance of local affairs was allowed only towards the end of the Spanish regime. This law is by far the most focused on devolution and democratic decentralization in the country. 2. Hi there, would you like to get such a paper? 2020 © StudyDriver.com - Big database of free essay examples for students at all levels. Growing up in the United States of America you learn at a young age that we live in a democracy. They were tools toward achieving democratization and vice versa. Tadem, Teresa. In the case of the Philippines, of the four given forms of decentralization, devolution is the prevalent form of decentralization used by the government. In fact, before the enactment of the Code, local governments were beginning not only to be restive but also assertive, demanding that the umbilical cord that tied them to Manila be severed because this was the root cause behind their stunted growth and underdevelopment. The "International Seminar on Decentralization and Devolution of Forest Management in Asia and the Pacific," held in Davao, Philippines, from 30 November to 4 December 1998, explored experiences and issues surrounding the implementation of decentralization and devolution approaches in the region. [28] By any measure, the imposition of martial law in 1972, which abolished local elections and vested in the dictator the powers to appoint officials who were beholden to him, was a great setback for the local autonomy movement in the Philippines. Devolution of Local Government in the Philippines. Tadem, Teresa. 16 students ordered this very topic and got original papers. 89 v. Department of Education, Zenith Radio Corporation v. United States, GET YOUR CUSTOM ESSAY [34] The provision of the 1987 Constitution would serve as the legal precedent for the enactment in 1989 of two laws creating autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and the Cordilleras. [7] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. There are mixed motives and a conjuncture of political factors in the decision to undertake decentralization. the effects of health devolution on service delivery and in crafting future public policies. Philippine politico-administrative history is replete with examples of tensions between a highly centralized governmental structure and the demands for autonomy among the various component local units: at one level, there is an imperative for a dominant and assertive leadership necessary for the consolidation and even the very survival of a weak state; at another level, there is demand among component local institutions for autonomy from the central government in order to enable them to become more responsive to situations obtaining locally and, paradoxically, strengthen a weak state. However, the same word is often used to describe different things. Tadem, Teresa. c. LGU’s have corporate status and have the power to secure resources to perform the function. Diliman, Quezon City, 1997, p. 98,99. [12] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Officially local government in the Philippines, often called local government units or LGUs, are divided into three levels – provinces and independent cities; component cities and municipalities; and barangays.In one area, above provinces and independent cities, is an autonomous region, the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao.Below barangays in some cities and municipalities are sitios … [38] Decentralization, Autonomy and the Local Government Code: The Challenge of Implememtation. A World Bank study assesses the quality of basic education services and the strength of existing systems used to allocate and manage public education resources. Thus, the 1935 Constitution had no separate article on local governments, in contrast with the two succeeding constitution of the Philippines. Edited: Morada, Noel. the code devolves or transfers the responsibility for the delivery of various aspects of basic services to the local governments. ” “The ancestors of the Filipinos established an indigenous and autonomous political institution known as the barangay, which was composed of some thirty to one hundred households. Any fund or resources available for the use of local government units shall be first allocated for the provision of basic services or facilities. Power continued to be concentrated in Manila with local units heavily dependent upon central government. Despite of this, decentralizing the government has been the best option to effectively implement government’s programs and policies, wherein the provinces, cities, municipalities and barangays of the nation enjoys local autonomy which are then generally supervised by a central government. [13] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Through community participation in decision making, planning, implementation and monitoring and backed by appropriate institutions and resources, it can go a long way in improving the quality of life, particularly of the poorer and marginalized sectors of the population, thereby alleviating poverty. [25] During the 1934 – 1935 Constitutional Convention, emerging Filipino leaders were group into two camps: those who favor stronger local government, and those who consider state control more important than local governments. [32] From the granting of formal independence in 1946 until 1972, the general trend had been toward the decentralization. The support of the various concerned agencies to increase the LGU’s absorptive capacities, through the preparation of guidelines and even developing various capability programs with appropriate institution also augurs well for devolution. But you can one from professional essay writers. Less than a decade later, the “Decentralization Act of 1967” (RA 5185) was enacted. [27] More specifically, the Decentralization Act provided that it will: Grant local governments greater freedom and ampler means to respond to the needs of their people and promote prosperity and happiness to effect a more equitable and systematic distribution of governmental power and resources. It broadened the taxing powers of the cities and municipalities within the framework of national taxing laws. DECENTRALIZATION AND DEMOCRATIZATION In the later part of the 20th Century there has been a dramatic shift in the manner governments around the world managed their states. A Local Government Code was in fact enacted in 1983. The code encourages the LGUs to be more entrepreneurial by providing them with opportunities to enter into joint ventures with the private sector, engage in the BOT arrangements, float bonds, and obtain loans from local private institution and the like. The draft constitution contained provisions guaranteeing local government autonomy, local power to create their own sources of revenue and to levy taxes, greater citizens’ draft IRP, meanwhile, strengthened the regions. Friedman continued that while financial resources needed for governing were always lacking, “a complicated and politically influenced system of grants” made the Philippine local government system more autonomous than in other Asian countries. Until 1950, national executive departments made all administrative appointments at the provincial and municipal levels. It also increases the financial resources available to LGUs, lays down the policy framework for the direct involvement of civil society, most especially non-government organizations and people’s organizations in the process of local governance, and encourages LGUs to be more entrepreneurial. According to de Guzman and Padilla, decentralization is the dispersal of authority and responsibility and the allocation of powers and functions from the center or top level of government to regional bodies or special purpose authorities, or from the national to the sub national levels of government. Edited: Morada, Noel. Presidential candidates start campaigning for office as early as [...], As of 2017 the most commonly banned book in America is a graphic novel for teenagers, This One Summer by Mariko Tamaki. In fact, before the enactment of the Code, local governments were beginning not only to be restive but also assertive, demanding that the umbilical cord that tied them to Manila be severed because this was the root cause behind their stunted growth and underdevelopment. Aside from the state-control bias of the 1935 Constitution, some writers also attribute the centralization trend to the strong leadership style of President Manuel Quezon. 3) Local administration, in which all subordinate levels of government within a country are agents of central authority, usually the executive branch[6]. [27] Brillantes Cit. Granting LGUs the power to create their own sources of revenue and to levy taxes which shall be automatically released to them. [40] Democritization: Philippine Perspectives. Tadem, Teresa. [23] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. ( either sanggunian panlalawigan, panglungsod, sanggunian kabataan and the like); second, through allocation of specific seats for NGO and PO representative in local special bodies (like the local development council, the local health board, and the local school board);third, participation in political exercises like plebiscite, referendum, and recall. First, there are practical and administrative reasons. and lastly, involvement in the planning and implementation of development programs. Tadem, Teresa. 3. ) Security, Unique More important, subject to the new constitution’s imposition of term limits, members of the House of the Representatives were motivated by a desire to assume local government positions in the failure in an environment where significant powers and finances have been devolved to LGUs. The second group won. SAMPLE. The censorship of books is a global phenomenon, [...]. Providing for regional development councils for other similar bodies composed of local government officials, regional heads of departments and other government offices, and representatives from NGOs within the region for purposes of administrative decentralization to strengthen the autonomy of the units thereon and to accelerate the economic and social growth and development of the units in the region. 1992 saw radical reform to local government in the Philippines through enactment of a new Local Government Code. While this type of system generated its own benefits as well as problems, “the potential for continued development” that is not discernible everywhere in Asia existed in the Philippines. Although it is commonly assumed that the decentralization process in the Philippines is a complete break from the overly centralized past, evidences show that “the so-called landmark LGC of 1991 is not an abrupt break from the past but a result of a long struggle for decentralization and local autonomy. Thus, he achieved great success in establishing central-local relations aimed at electoral objectives rather than promoting administrative effectiveness. ” There is also a separate State shall insure the autonomy of local government (Article 10) that is more extensive than its counterpart in the 1973 Constitution. But under the draft law, LGUs were still supervised through the office of the President and the various departments. Decentralization and democratization tend to reinforce each other; decentralization is a factor in increasing democratization while successful decentralization can only take place with democratic process. [20] The American occupation of the Philippines (1902-1935) saw the promulgation of a number of policies promoting local autonomy. It also increases the financial resources available to LGUs, lays down the policy framework for the direct involvement of civil society, most especially non-government organizations and people’s organizations in the process of local governance, and encourages LGUs to be more entrepreneurial. However, they were generally made in consultation with the local political elite. the code devolves or transfers the responsibility for the delivery of various aspects of basic services to the local governments. ”[18]. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. To a certain extent, that is what the devolution and the local autonomy is all about: unleashing the creative powers and resources at the local level towards the general objective of developing of self-reliance and lessen dependence upon the central government which after all has been one reason for the state of nderdevelopment of local government unit in the Philippines. dited; De Guzman, Raul. Quezon believed that under a unitary system, the national chief executive should control all local offices. If you need help faster you can always use our custom writing service. b. LGU’s have clear and legally recognized geographical boundaries within which they exercise authority and perform public functions. But under the draft law, LGUs were still supervised through the office of the President and the various departments. The Code devolved basic services for agriculture extension, forest management, health services, barangay (township) roads and social welfare to Local Government Units. [28] Ibid. The rights to voting have not always come so easy, there was once a time women and people of color could [...], Sometime recently coming into impact the US structure required approval by nine states. Edited: Morada, Noel. The datu in the Philippines were incorporated into the Spanish colonial regime. Indeed, local governments in the Philippines are undergoing a fundamental structural and ideological transformation as a result of the devolution in 1991. [33] Furthermore, central-local relations in the Philippines before the declaration of martial law in 1972 differed from other developing Asian countries that were characterized by the widespread phenomenon of tight central control at the time. The program stated that the role and structure of government would be guided by the key organizational principles of decentralization, among others. Miranda, Felipe. , pp. Article 2 (Declaration of Principles and State Policies), Section 25, says: “The State shall insure the autonomy of local governments. Tadem, Teresa. With Philippines’ archipelagic nature, it is no wonder that the Philippine government had made lots of experiments to find the most suitable way to govern the country. 2. 35]Earlier historical attempts to decentralize power and authority to local institutions through various means are testimony to the fact that the problem of overcentralization is one that has been recognized – but continued to persist – through the years. Issuing documents and … Another form of decentralization is delegation or the transfer of some functions to semi-autonomous organization not directly under the control of the central government. Aside from the country’s geographic nature, which hindered the successful consolidation of all islands under the control of one government, the public officials were not yet properly trained or educated on the implementation of government’s policies and procedures to prevent unethical acts such as corruption and red tape. Nevertheless, Section 17.c. Provides a range of interventions to individuals, families, and communities in crisis or difficult situations and vulnerable or disaster-affected communities. 1991 – The passage of Republic Act 7160 otherwise known as the Local Government Code of 1991 effected the devolution of DSWD basic services to local government units. Reforma, Mila. THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM AND CHANGES BROUGHT ABOUT THE 1991 LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE The passing of RA 7160 or the Local Government Code (LGC) contain five major features which gave noteworthy supremacy to those local government units (LGUs). [31] Ibid. Notwithstanding the highly centralized dictatorial set-up, the 1973 Marcos Constitution rhetorically committed itself to a policy of local autonomy: The State shall guarantee and promote autonomy of local government units, especially the barrio, to ensure their fullest development as self-reliant communities. Providing for regional development councils for other similar bodies composed of local government officials, regional heads of departments and other government offices, and representatives from NGOs within the region for purposes of administrative decentralization to strengthen the autonomy of the units thereon and to accelerate the economic and social growth and development of the units in the region. Its fundamental characteristics are: a. FOR ONLY $13.90/PAGE, Local Goverment Administration and the 1976 Local…, Comparative Analysis of the Family Code and Code of…, Cultures and Practices Not Allowed in the Philippines, Zuni Public School Dist. The barangay (renamed as barrio) remained as basic administrative units but other ties of local government were added: “the pueblos (municipalities), cabildos (cities), and provincias (provinces). Edited: Morada, Noel. The expected gains from the [26] The year 1959 also saw the passage of landmark legislation as afar as local autonomy is concerned. 3) Local administration, in which all subordinate levels of government within a country are agents of central authority, usually the executive branch[6]. Philippine political independence was granted by the Americans in 1946. [30] Ibid. , p. 5 [25] Brillantes Cit. The 1991 LGC is a product of both external factors, although internal factors play a stronger role in terms of the actual contents of the legal basis as well as the dynamics of its implementation. A high point in the battle for devolution was the presidential veto of the proposed bill to recentralize health services.
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