De nition 4. There is an equivalence relation which respects the essential properties of some class of problems. For example, in working with the integers, we encounter relations such as ”x is less than y”. Note that x+y is even iff x and y are both even or both odd iff x mod 2 = y mod 2. Let ˘be an equivalence relation on X. (c)Is (R=Z;+) a group? (a)Prove that ˘is an equivalence relation. Re exive: Let a 2A. x = x. Then since R 1 and R 2 are re exive, aR 1 a and aR 2 a, so aRa and R is re exive. The set [x] ˘as de ned in the proof of Theorem 1 is called the equivalence class, or simply class of x under ˘. We write X= ˘= f[x] ˘jx 2Xg. But di erent ordered … Examples of Other Equivalence Relations. Reflexive. Obviously, then, we will have that: 1. Notice the importance of the ordering of the elements of the set in this relation. Prove that the binary operation + on R=Z given by a+ b= a+ b is well-de ned. An equivalence relation on a set is a relation with a certain combination of properties that allow us to sort the elements of the set into certain classes. Proof. That is, ”x less than y” De ne the relation R on A by xRy if xR 1 y and xR 2 y. Here, rather than working with triangles we work with numbers: we say that the real numbers x and y are equivalent if we simply have that x = y. Here the equivalence relation is called row equivalence by most authors; we call it left equivalence. Therefore ~ is an equivalence relation because ~ is the kernel relation of If we consider the equivalence relation as de ned in Example 5, we have two equiva-lence … Then ~ is an equivalence relation because it is the kernel relation of function f:S N defined by f(x) = x mod n. Example: Let x~y iff x+y is even over Z. 1. 2. (I will omit the proof that R=Z is a group.) Solution. Equivalence Relations • A relation on a set that satisfies the three properties of reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity is called an equivalence relation. Equivalence Relations De nition 2.1. The equivalence classes of this relation are the orbits of a group action. Let Xbe a set. Let Rbe the relation on Z de ned by aRbif a+3b2E. 1 is an equivalence relation on A. For example, if X= I2 is the unit square, glueing together opposite ends of X(with the same orientation) ‘should’ produce the torus S 1 S. To encapsulate the (set-theoretic) idea of glueing, let us recall the de nition of an equivalence relation on a set. 9 Equivalence Relations In the study of mathematics, we deal with many examples of relations be-tween elements of various sets. Symmetric. Example 6. Example: The relation R on a set {1,2,3,4}, and a relation R defined over X as (x,y) ∈ R if x <= y: 4 CS 441 Discrete mathematics for CS M. Hauskrecht Equality Definition: Two sets are equal if and only if they have the same elements. Equivalence relations A motivating example for equivalence relations is the problem of con-structing the rational numbers. Equality of real numbers is another example of an equivalence relation. A rational number is the same thing as a fraction a=b, a;b2Z and b6= 0, and hence speci ed by the pair ( a;b) 2 Z (Zf 0g). Give the rst two steps of the proof that R is an equivalence relation by showing that R is re exive and symmetric. Selected solutions to problems Problem Set 2 2.De ne a relation ˘on R given by a˘bif a b2Z. By one of the above examples, Ris an equivalence relation. Conclusion: Theorems 31 and 32 imply that there is a bijection between the set of all equivalence relations of Aand the set of all partitions on A. 2. If x = y, then y = x. 2 are equivalence relations on a set A. The relation \(\sim\) on \(\mathbb{Q}\) from Progress Check 7.9 is an equivalence relation. (b)Let R=Z denote the set of equivalence classes of ˘. EXAMPLE 33. The order of the elements in a set doesn't contribute Proof. 1. 2. Example: • {1,2,3} = {3,1,2} = {1,2,1,3,2} Note: Duplicates don't contribute anythi ng new to a set, so remove them.
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