This suggests that the two chromosomes may have fused together somewhere in evolutionary lineage. The age-old assumption had been that physical characteristics, such as long legs and webbed feet, appeared only once in the evolutionary line of birds, but genetic evidence implies that it appeared several times in different species. Section of nucleotides break off and attach to a different chromosome. Homeotic genes are found in most groups of multicellular animals and show similar DNA sequences, suggesting that these genes evolved from a common ancestor. Our extensive library of handy and helpful HSC Biology resources including past papers with worked solutions, study guides, study notes, essays written by students, assignments and many more, to help you prepare for the HSC hybrid bread wheat, many garden flowers such as tulips and daffodils – produced asexually by bulbs, The same enzymes cut out a corresponding section of a bacterial, The gene is mixed with the modified plasmid, the “, The plasmid is returned to the bacterium, which. sickle-cell anaemia (adenine instead of thymine >> valine instead of glutamic acid). The gene at the top of the cascade for producing eyes in mice is so similar to the corresponding gene in fruit flies that the genes can be interchanged and still function. The single strands from each organism are mixed and allowed to bind where the bases match. The processes that cause genetic variation are. Heredity study session. Available now . sea stars → detached part of parent g… – Insert themselves into the middle of a gene → stops gene functioning. Mutation: random changing of a gene that results in genetic variation. Tim Sloane gives an overview of genetic change (module 6) in this Aurora College recording. The homeobox, a sequence of about 180 bases of homeotic genes regulating embryonic development, contains genes that are homologues. Dux Private Tutoring offers the best in-home private tutoring for years 7 to 12 in Sydney and all over NSW. ii) Electroporation: Bacterial cells + recombinant plasmids + non-recombinant plasmids are subjected to electricity → bacteria cell membrane is disrupted → plasmids enter bacteria. Desirable characteristics from specific male can be passed onto generations. Since it is polygenic, many genes control the inheritance of height and therefore many possible combinations are possible, leading to many phenotypes. in non-coding DNA, or still producing the same amino acid) or beneficial (e.g. Other uses: production of human growth hormone, protein that dissolves blood clots (heart conditions), bacteria to break down toxic waste in oil spills, pest resistance in some plants (e.g. E.g. Many patients suspected to be Rh- in initial clinical tests may in fact possess a more subtle phenotype with a more weakly presented antigen e.g. We bring Dux College's years of knowledge and experience in bringing students HSC success with the convenience and focused attention of one-on-one home tutoring. It codes for the presence or absence of a group of transmembrane antigens found on the surface of red blood cells. Another thing is that in the HSC, we don’t generally go into the strength of expression anyway. Homeotic genes contain a sequence of DNA known as a homeobox. Agriculture: Sustainable food production methods to meet increasing population (increasing demand). It would be unethical and would take too long to experiment with human breeding. The probes are then allowed to bond with single complementary strands of DNA from the sample DNA. Quick Links: Modules & Inquiry Questions. The alteration then occurs in one codon on the RNA during transcription and changes the amino acid sequence in polypeptide production e.g. Substitution of a base occurs but a stop codon is produced = stops protein synthesis. Proteins include enzymes, hormones and structural proteins in cell membranes, all of which control chemical reactions and cell activities, and thus determine the characteristics of organisms. A mutagen is a physical factor of chemical substance that causes mutations. 5000BC corn had small cobs and few kernels. Mutation → introns are not removed when mRNA is produced → incorrect mRNA → incorrect coding for polypeptides. Skin, hair and blood cells are frequently used in forensic science to match blood at a crime scene, to determine paternity of a baby and to determine the pedigree or lineage of individual animals. who legally has access to private information (employers, insurers etc.). Internal fertilisation: sperm inserted into female body. This causes thick mucus accumulating in the lungs, resulting in frequent lung infections and breathing difficulties. The breakdown of food molecules with a release of energy. Legislations regarding biotechnologies have ‘grey areas’ e.g. Blank Family Tree Templates 6 Generation Word Printable Pedigree Chart A Free Printable Family Tree Chart For Four Generations 10 Best of Animal Pedigree Chart Template Free Rabbit Pedigree Template Invitation Template Pedigree Papers Templates Cake Ideas and Designs. Clone: Genetically identical copy of another organism. Australia’s wheat industry is an extremely important part of the economy, and selective breeding has allowed this industry to survive and thrive to feed the Australian people. Dr Silvia Rudmann goes over some exam tips and gives advice on how to improve your marks in the HSC Biology exam in this Aurora College recording. Meet Your HSC Biology Bounce Back … – Gene cloning = determine effect of environment on gene expression, examine mutations that lead to disease and understand the function of a gene e.g. There is no longer a need for pesticides. To introduce the concepts of SNPs would be beyond the scope of the current syllabus and potentially increase confusion. Dux Private Tutoring offers the best in-home private tutoring for years 7 to 12 in Sydney and all over NSW. replacing damaged brain cells with healthy ones to treat Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. Philosophy, culture and religion – biotechnology interrupts the natural balance. Chromosomal Mutation: mutations that changes many nucleotides. And what are they really about? Selective breeding: Mule was bred from the female horse and male donkey. This can be a case of trisomy 21 as a result of non-disjunction in meiosis which is most common, or the translocation of part of a chromosome 21 onto another chromosome, typically 14 or 15. 7.1 – Explain how a range of mutagens operate, including but not limited to: 7.2 – Compare the causes, processes and effects of different types of mutation, including but not limited to: – point mutation – chromosomal mutation, 7.3 – Distinguish between somatic mutations and germ-line mutations and their effect on an organism, 7.4 – Assess the significance of ‘coding’ and ‘non-coding’ DNA segments in the process of mutation, 7.5 – Investigate the causes of genetic variation relating to the processes of fertilisation, meiosis and mutation, 7.6 – Evaluate the effect of mutation, gene flow and genetic drift on the gene pool of populations. Heredity study session. use secondary sources to evaluate the effectiveness of current disease-prevention methods and develop strategies for the prevention of a non-infectious disease, including but not limited to: – educational programs and campaigns – genetic engineering Content 1 Content 2 Content 3. If environmental change occurs an entire species could be wiped out because there is limited variation → less food for growing population. Substitution of a base occurs but different amino acid is coded for. 1 Module 7: Infectious Disease. 2. Respiration. The method through which U.V radiation causes mutation was already discussed in Module 6 by forming thymine dimers which is bonding of thymine bases on the same DNA strand. Inscription. Assess the significance of ‘coding’ and ‘non-coding’ DNA segments in the process of mutation. or “centiMorgan” (cM), and corresponds to the percentage of recombinant offspring produced in a test cross between the offspring of a pure breeding parent showing dominant characteristics and a parent with recessive characteristics, and an organism with recessive characteristics i.e. In humans, transposons have been linked with antibody production and some rearrangements by transposons are believed to cause certain cancers. Breeding Fresian dairy cows → higher milk production. 1500AD corn was large with lots of kernels due to selective breeding. These transposons may explain why bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics so rapidly, therefore influencing the bacterial genome. Identifiez-vous si vous êtes un utilisateur enregistré. It is similar in humans, chickens, rodents, insects, nematodes and molluscs. The gene coding for haemoglobin has evolved from the gene coding for myoglobin. Content 1 Content 2 Content 3 Content 4. If you want to do well in Chemistry or Physics, you really need to know your facts and provide detail – especially when you get slapped with a 6-7 mark question (for example the soap or CFC question in the 2016 HSC Chemistry exam paper). Assessment Task Case Study Essay Half Yearly Paper Study Notes Past HSC Questions Past Trial Papers. Please note, Module 8: Non-infectious diseases and disorders is BOOKED OUT for the Term 2 holidays. Because genetic information is passed down through reproduction, analysing genes is invaluable in determining the evolutionary relationships between different organisms. DNA and Polypeptide Synthesis. AMI Collège [www.amicollege.com] » Sommaire Bienvenue sur AMI Collège ! Our extensive library of handy and helpful HSC Chemistry resources including past papers with worked solutions, study guides, study notes, essays written by students, assignments and many more, to help you prepare for the HSC A protein produced by one gene acts as a transcription factor to turn on the next. E.g. Summary notes, The structure of a gene provides the code for a polypeptide, Describe the processes involved in the transfer of information from DNA through RNA to the production of a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide, Choose equipment or resources to perform a first-hand investigation to construct a model of DNA, Process information from secondary data to outline the current understanding of gene expression, Multiple alleles and polygenic inheritance provide further variability within a trait, Give examples of characteristics determined by multiple alleles in an organism other than humans, Compare the inheritance of the ABO and Rhesus blood groups, Define what is meant by polygenic inheritance and describe one example of polygenic inheritance in humans or another organism, Outline the use of highly variable genes for DNA fingerprinting of forensic samples, for paternity testing and for determining the pedigree of animals, Solve problems to predict the inheritance patterns of ABO blood groups and the Rhesus factor, Process information from secondary sources to identify and describe one example of polygenic inheritance, Studies of offspring reflect the inheritance of genes on different chromosomes and genes on the same chromosomes, Use the terms “diploid” and “haploid” to describe somatic and gametic cells, Describe outcomes of dihybrid crosses involving simple dominance using Mendel’s explanations, A pure breeding, double homozygous tall stemmed, round seeded plant is crossed with a double homozygous short stemmed, wrinkle seeded plant, Predict the difference in inheritance patterns if two genes are linked, Explain how cross-breeding experiments can identify the relative position of linked genes, Discuss the role of chromosome mapping in identifying relationships between species, Process information from secondary sources to analyse the outcome of dihybrid crosses when both traits are inherited crosses when both traits are inherited independently and when they are linked, BbGg cross with BbGg when inherited independently, BG/bg cross with BG/bg when genes are linked, Perform a first-hand investigation to model linkage, The Human Genome Project is attempting to identify the position of genes on chromosomes through whole genome sequencing, Discuss the benefits of the Human Genome Project, Describe and explain the limitations of data obtained from the Human Genome Project, Outline the procedure to produce recombinant DNA, Explain how the use of recombinant DNA technology can identify the position of a gene on a chromosome, Process information from secondary sources to assess the reasons why the Human Genome Project could not be achieved by studying linkage maps, Gene therapy is possible once the genes responsible for harmful conditions are identified, Describe current use of gene therapy for an identified disease, Process and analyse information from secondary sources to identify a current use of gene therapy to manage a genetic disease, a named form of cancer or AIDS, Distinguish between mutations of chromosomes, including rearrangements and changes in chromosome number (inc. trisomy, polyploidy) and mutations of genes, including base substitution and frameshift, Outline the ability of DNA to repair itself, Describe the way in which transposable genetic elements operate and discuss their impact on the genome, Distinguish between germ line and somatic mutations in terms of their effect on species, Process and analysis information from secondary sources to describe the effect of one named and described genetic mutation on human health, Selective breeding is different to gene cloning but both processes may chance the genetic nature of species, Explain, using an appropriate example from agriculture, why selective breeding has been practised, Describe what is meant by “gene cloning” and give examples of the uses of gene cloning, Distinguish between gene cloning and whole organism cloning in terms of the processes and products, Discuss a use of cloning in animals or plants that has possible benefits to humans, Analyse and present information from secondary sources to trace the history of the selective breeding of one species for agricultural purposes and use available evidence to describe the series of changes that have occurred in the species as a result of this selective breeding, Identify data sources, choose equipment or resources, gather, process and analyse information from secondary sources to describe the processes used in the cloning of an animal and analyse the methodology to identify ways in which scientists could verify that the animal produced was a clone, The timing of gene expression is important in the developmental process, Identify the role of genes in embryonic development. 8.1 – Investigate the uses and applications of biotechnology (past, present and future), including: Analysing the social implications and ethical uses of biotechnology, including plant and animal examples, – Researching future directions of the use of biotechnology, – Evaluating the potential benefits for society of research using genetic technologies, Higher quality/quantity food = improves nutrition, – Evaluating the changes to the Earth’s biodiversity due to genetic techniques, 9.1 – Investigate the uses and advantages of current genetic technologies that induce genetic change. Higher yield, larger fruit and disease resistance. Animals that appeared earlier in geological history have a small number of homeotic genes than more recently evolved groups. Sign up « Back to subjects. Study Notes. The sequence of bases on the portion of the DNA molecule ultimately determines the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide produced. E.g. We bring Dux College's years of knowledge and experience in bringing students HSC success with the convenience and focused attention of one-on-one home tutoring. Adding vast amounts of detail really help to certify the adequacy of your answer to get the marks and a lot of times impresses the marker. ... Dr Silvia Rudmann goes over some exam tips and gives advice on how to improve your marks in the HSC Biology exam in this Aurora College recording. Maharashtra HSC Syllabus 2021-MSBSHE has released the revised HSC syllabus 2021 Maharashtra board for Class 12th Science, Commerce & Arts students soon. 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