Avicenna established three origins for the formation of stone: water (chemical), mud Ibrahim, M. M., 1957. University of Michigan, Humanistic Studies, Vol. Additionally, Ibn Sina was a pioneer in his use of the air thermometer for his experiments. First published by Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore. 36. Dar Al-Ma’arif, Cairo, Egypt. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. Al-Rawi, M. M., 1983b. 2nd edition. 3. Ibn Sina, also known by his Latinized name in Europe as Avicenna, was a Persian philosopher and polymath, born in 980 CE. This action, however, took place and was completed only in the course of many ages, so that the trace of each individual flood has not been left; only that of the most recent of them can be seen”. A., 1973. Kennedy, E. S. et al, 1983. Ibn Sina, latinisiert Avicenna (980–1037), der bekannteste Mediziner des Islam und Perser. In the same way, Avicenna's Islamic psychology propose… Structural Geology, 1. 288 p. 30. 3. Seyfert, C.K. In: Proceedings of the First International Symposium for the History of Arabian Science. IBN SINA (AVICENNA). Prentice œ Hall International, Inc., London. The eighteenth century C.E. The former stratum must therefore be consolidated before a fresh deposit is precipitated upon it; 3. The Ancestry of Science: The Discovery of Time. World of Islam Festival Publishing Co. Ltd, England, 273 p. 29. Ibn Sina (981 – 1037 C.E. 41. Avicenna’s area of study is located in Uzbekistan, north of Afghanistan (Figure 1). From his autobiography we learn that he was born in an Isma_ili family in Afshana, in the Persian region of Bukhara. Kuwait, 14 p. with abstract in English. 15, p. 149-150. Kuwait. A concise account on the history of Arabic Earth Sciences. Ibn Sina (Avicenna, 980-1037 CE) basically followed the methodical, analytical line originated by Al-Razi in all his works. The advantages of mountains in the formation of clouds; His knowledge on meteorology, or what happens above the Earth, is also covered in six chapters: 3. 1, p. 41-105. History of the Earth. The study concludes with some brief comments about the place of Ibn Sînâ’s position in the history of science and philosophy. Stones are formed, then, either by the hardening of agglutinative clay in the sun, or by the coagulation of aquosity by a desiccative earthy quality, or by reason of a desiccation through heat”. (Editor), Introduction to Islamic Civilisation, Chapter 10, P.111-119. 3. © Copyright FSTC Ltd 2002-2020. 1. The current continues to penetrate the first-formed hollow until at length it forms a deep valley, while the area from which it has turned aside is left as an eminence. Their elevation is due to the excavating action of floods and winds on the matter which lies between them, for if you examine the majority of mountains, you will see that the hollows between them have been caused by floods. An Introduction to Historical Geology, 2nd Edition. Journal of Geological Education, Vol. Historical Survey, P.9. ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā; geboren kurz vor 980:S. 10 in Afschana bei Buchara in Chorasan; gestorben im Juni 1037 in Hamadan), kurz Ibn Sina und vermutlich über eine hebräische Zwischenstufe wie Aven Zina:S. 135 latinisiert Avicenna, war ein persischer Arzt, Naturwissenschaftler, aristotelisch-neuplatonischer Philosoph, Dichter, sunnitisch-hanafitisch ausgebildeter Jurist bzw. 39. (In Arabic). %�쏢 ���\�U`���*0WAs���� The Nineteenth century C.E. 31. The Arab origin of earth science (Geology). Presently, these origins are known as sedimentary and igneous. The purpose of this rather concise account is to highlight Avicenna’s contribution to the development of Earth sciences, and to explore the following points: 1.To close the gap in the history of Geology, which reflects human thought upon the nature of the Earth. SPEIZER, E.A., 1951. Be the first to rate this post. UNESCO, Paris, France, MS 31 P. Currently 2002 under publication by UNESCO, see www.unesco.org/culture/aic/index/html. In: Uniformity and Simplicity (GSA Special Paper 89) edited by C. C. ALBRETTON, Jr., p.  3-33, The Geological Society of America. Ibn Sina (981 - 1037 C.E. It is worthwhile then, to elaborate on Avicenna’s description on the origin of mountains as it expresses the fundamental principle of the formulation of geological sciences in Europe. He stated this with the evidence that light is emitted in the form of particles that travel through space. Critique of the Principle of Uniformity. Running waters have been observed, part of which, dripping upon a certain spot, solidifies into stone or pebbles of various colours, and dripping water has been seen which, though not congealing normally, yet immediately petrifies when it falls upon stony ground near its channel. Sokolov, V., 1972. saw further developments in the geological mapping of Britain and Europe, and the subdivision of the stratigraphic record. 3. Potter, R., 1977. 11. It can be rightfully said that Ibn Sina (Avicenna, 981 -1037 C.E.) Earth Science in Britain 1660-1815. 14. %PDF-1.2 Amiri Publication, Cairo, Egypt. In: https://users.erols.com/zenithco/sina.html. 40. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. 20. He clearly distinguished between the processes of erosion, transportation, deposition, uplift and unconformities (the time separation between layers). This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Montasir, A. H., et al, (Editors), 1965. Shell International Petroleum Co., 1966. Is Uniformitarianism Useful? It is not intended here to prove or disprove how much Hutton was influenced by Avicenna’s thinking. Translated to Arabic by Al-Naggar, A.H.  and M.Y. Avicenna’s method of reasoning his field observations to reach an interpretation is another original method. Press, Cambridge. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. Abu’l Rayhan Al-Biruni: life, publications and scientific research. Volume 2 on Natural Objects. “Al-Shifa” of Ibn Sina, Natural Sciences, Part 2 on Earth and Heavens, Part 3 on Formation and Decomposition, and part 4 on Actions and Reactions. He also studied many books on metaphysics, astronomy, and natural sciences. The birth and development of geological sciences. Charles Darwin’s (1809-1882) Theory of Evolution gained scientific acceptance in the West with its application to the history of life on Earth. Nicolaus Steno (1638-1687) supposedly came with the early fundamental concepts of Historical Geology, the law of superposition of strata. 21. Nasr, S.  H., 1976. in) the earth, endows it not with coherence but rather with crumbliness. There is no argument in the suggestion that Avicenna‘s work is attributed to the Greeks. The field observation constitutes an essential part in any geological investigation, especially in an area which was never studied before. He stated that the speed of light is not infinite and can thus have a measureable value. These principles were later known during the Renaissance in Europe as the law of superposition of strata, the concept of catastrophism, and the doctrine of uniformitarianism*. Hyderabad: It was the Persian scholar of medicine, Ibn Sina (980-1037) who first came up with the idea of quarantine to prevent spread of diseases. Zahoor, A., 2002. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 10. D. Van Nostrand Co., New York. When the work was translated into Latin, it became known as the Canon of Medicine and was the dominant text for the teaching of medicine in Europe. All the topics are entertaining and informative with a lot of pictures to help you understand the science.Enjoy reading about Animals, Chemistry, Earth Science, Electricity, Inventions, Light, Physics, Planets, Plants and Renewable Energy. The essential cause (is concerned) when, as in many violent earthquakes, the wind which produces the earthquake raises a part of the ground and a height is suddenly formed. Furthermore, he recognised the sequence of those events over a long time span, which stretches beyond human lifetime, to form mountains. 2. 38. Geologically, the area studied consists of sedimentary rocks belonging to different geological ages, and recent alluvium deposits along the Amur Darya River. Kitab Al-Shifa, was also known during the Renaissance in Europe. St. Anthony’s College, Oxford, England, December 17-18, 1983. 36, No. 25. Welcome to the science topics section Here you will many science topics to Increase your Science knowledge. Readings in the History of Arabic Sciences. 4. Features associated with sun reflection on clouds and rainbows; 5. If this argument is true, then modern Geology was born in Greek time, not in the Renaissance of Europe, which is untrue. Abu Ali Al-Hussain Ibn Abdallah Ibn Sina (Avicenna). 13. Principles of Geology in “Al-Ma‘adin Wal Athar Al-Ulwiyah” of Ibn Sina. The development of geologic theories during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth centuries C.E. Translated and edited to Arabic by Zaki, A. Dar Al-Ma‘arif, Cairo, Egypt. Dar Al-Qalam, Cairo, Egypt. Hubbert, K. 1967. The contribution of Ibn Sina (Avicenna) to the Development of Earth Science in Europe. First Volume in Arabic, p. 347-387. However, in a rather philosophical account titled the “Discovery of Time”, Toulumin and Goodfield (1965), have acknowledged Avicenna’s contribution in the field of geologic time: “Around A.D. 1000, Avicenna was already suggesting a hypothesis about the origin of mountain ranges, which in the Christian world, would still have been considered quite radical eight hundred years later”. Al-Sukari, A. In the middle of that century, direct drilling into the subsurface strata was conducted in the USA and oil was discovered in 1857. Geology and Mineralogy. The Muslim Civilisation was outstanding in its outlook on the universe, humanity and life. It is probable that the sedimentary clay was formed by the disintegration of the strata of mountains. Unfortunately, some historians of Geology such as Kemmel (1973) attributed Avicenna’s knowledge of Earth science to Greek science. Jahrhundert das wichtigste Buch über die Heilkunde darstellte. One of the most outstanding names in history of Islamic science of the Middle Ages is without any doubt that of the Persian scholar Ibn Sina, Avicenna (980-1037), and his work Al … Dennis, J. C., 1972. Finally, it is suggested that certain efforts should be made towards the publication of all parts of Avicenna‘s Kitab Al-Shifa, in a modern form together with elaboration on its value for philosophy and natural sciences in Europe. Thames and Hudson, London, P.181-200. Translation from the Arabic by Montasir et al (1965), of the chapter on the “origin of Mountains” in Kitab Al-Shifa, which is not included in Adams (1938). It went through many versions and was later translated into the vernacular of several nations. Arab Book Publishing House. 18. Cambridge University Hutchinson  & Co. (Publishers) Ltd., London. The Making of Geology. lower layers in a series of strata must be older than the upper. He began with Aristotle's idea that humans possessed three types of soul, the vegetative, animal and rational psyches. �U�\�*h�s4W�� Mears, B. Jr., 1978. El Maaref Establishment, Alexandria, Egypt, 108 p. with 15 p. (In Arabic with summary in English). Although the wolf did nothing to the lamb next to it, the fear and stress that lamb lived in killed it prematurely, while the other lamb that did not see the wolf, was peaceful and developed well with a healthy weight gain. 2. It is intended to present Avicenna’s principles of Earth Science, in Kitab Al-Shifa, Part 2, Section 5, the Article on “Mineralogy and Meteorology” and the chapter on the “Origin of Mountains”. It was also alien due to the belief, that is being brought by its founder who spent some time studying Medicine and Law in Leiden, Holland and Paris, France, both of which housed large volumes of Islamic manuscripts before the fifteenth century CE. 2nd edition. This Website MuslimHeritage.com is owned by FSTC Ltd and managed by the Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilisation, UK (FSTCUK), a British charity number 1158509. Al-Rawi, M. M., 1988. His philosophical works were one of the main targets of al-Ghazali’s attack on philosophical influences in … Meteorology. W.H. Al-Rawi, M. M., 1983a. Learn more about Avicenna’s life and accomplishments in this article. Beyond general physics (al-samāʿal-ṭabīʿī), the physical sciences are furtherdivided into various special sciences distinguished according toeither the kind of motion investigated or the kind of body treated.While Avicenna himself does not explicitly identify his decisionprocedure for dividing the special natural sciences, it is evidencedin the way that he divides up t… Toulmin, S. and Goodfield, 1965. In the discussion of Avicenna’s contribution to the development of Earth Sciences, we must answer the previously outlined points: 1. For Avicenna, the proper subject of natural philosophy, in itsbroadest or most general sense, is body insofar as it is subject tomotion. It was an inspiring source of thought to the founders of geological thought in Europe (such as Leonardo Da Vinci and Steno in the seventeenth century, and most probably later on James Hutton in the eighteenth century). Ibn Sina (Avicenna) 3. Al-Rawi, M. M., 1977. In: https://users.erols.com/zenithco/sina.html (Copyright 1990, 1996, 1997 All Rights Reserved). We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. was a true product of the Muslim Civilisation in its climax of scientific growth. Over each layer there spread a substance of different material, which formed a partition between it and the next layer; but when petrifaction took place something occurred to the partition which caused it to break up and disintegrate from between the layers  (possibly referring to unconformity).. As to the beginning of the sea, its clay is either sedimentary or primeval, the latter not being sedimentary. Those very ideas were embodied in Avicenna’s work in Kitab Al-Shifa and the work of many other Muslim natural scientists, such as Ikhwan Al-Safa and Al-Biruni. Steno, N., 1669. Paper presented in Arabic to the Third International Symposium for the History of Arabian Science, Dec. 1983. Ibn Sina Avicenna 1. The Arabs and Geology. 2. During that time, another distinguished investigator, James Hutton (1726-1797) contributed to some fundamental concepts which are very important in the history of Geology. Ibn Sina (981 - 1037 CE) was the major influence upon the history of Islamic psychology, taking the ideas of the Greek philosophers and adapting them to fit Islamic doctrine. It seems likely that this habitable world was in former days uninhabitable and, indeed, submerged beneath the sea. The continuation of geological processes or the doctrine of uniformitarianism. First Volume in Arabic, p. 187-209, with abstract in English. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. 26. (detrital) or fire (igneous). Freeman of Co., San Francisco, USA. The first two bind humans to the earth, and the rational psyche connects them to God. To conclude this discussion, it is appropriate to quote again Toulmin and Goodfield (1965) on the Discovery of Time: “For the time being (Avicenna’s time), these insights were not followed up, and the full antiquity of the world remained unsuspected”. Translated from the Russian by V. Purto. only known after the advent of the microscope in Europe. At the age of 16, he became a famous physician in his area. In Part 2, Section 5, the Article on Mineralogy and Meteorology, he presented a complete coverage of knowledge on what happens on the Earth in six chapters: 2. Thunder, lighting, comets and meteorites; 6. Ibn Sina (981 – 1037 CE) was the major influence upon the history of Islamic psychology, taking the ideas of the Greek philosophers and adapting them to fit Islamic doctrine. In the case of the accidental cause, certain parts of the ground become hollowed out while others do not, by the erosive action of winds and floods which carry away one part of the earth but not another. Harper & Row Publishers, New York. In this article I argue for the importance of Ibn Sina (the Latin Avicenna, 980-1037) for understanding the gradual systematization of Aristotelian thought experiments and their methodology. In: Lewis, B., (Editor). stream Muslim Heritage:Send us your e-mail address to be informed about our work. The developments in the search for oil enhanced the development of stratigraphic principles and many other aspects of geologic thinking to the present time. We know therefore that in that ground there must be a congealing petrifying virtue, which converts the liquid to the solid…. Or it may be that the virtue is yet another, unknown to us…. He was particularly noted for his contributions in the fields of Aristotelian philosophy and medicine. Avicenna has clearly recognised that the formation of rocks in bulk is a slow process. Quotations from famous historians of Science. 94 p. (In Arabic with summary in French). You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The Ronald Press Co., N.Y. 15. When he was a few years old his family had to move to the city of Bukhara for some reasons. Avicenna (Ibn Sina, 980–1037) war ein Philosoph der hanbalitischen und muʿtazilistischen Schule und einer der bedeutendsten Ärzte, Denker und Forscher der Medizingeschichte. To show that Avicenna’s original contribution was not the product of an earlier Greek thought. Mosa, and edited by Fawzi, H. from the original French text. Zahoor, A., and Haq, Z., 2002. The Scientific Enterprise. Pre-Lamb experiment Lamb experiment Post-Lamb experiment Summary Last results for H and D hydrogen, hydrogen-like atoms, positronium, muonic atoms microwave spectroscopy has been surpassed by optical measurements in the last decade accuracy of the radiofrequency measurements is limited by width of the 2P state (about 100 MHz) direct measurements and fine structure optical,two photon … He began with Aristotle’s idea that humans possessed three types of soul, the vegetative, animal and rational psyches. Kummel, B., 1973. Annals of Science, Vol. (Mears, 1978). Al-Biruni (or Beruni). Early life He was born in around 370 (AH) / 980 (AD) in Afshana, his m other's home, a small city now part of Uzbekistan His father, a respected Ismaili scholar, was from Balkh now part of Afghanistan .He had his son very carefully educated at Bukhara. The Petroleum Handbook. In Kitab Al-Shifa, Avicenna presented fundamental principles of geology in terms of the earth’s processes, major events and long geologic time. “We say that, for the most part, pure earth does not petrify, because the predominance of dryness over (i.e. Discover the golden age of Muslim civilisation. 5th Edition. experimental data. A health care worker holds a syringe of Pfizer vaccine trial against coronavirus at the Ankara University Ibni Sina Hospital in Turkey on October 27, 2020. Earth history and plate tectonics. 32. A few scientists before him had reasoned in uniformitarian terms, but it was Hutton and his followers at Edinburgh, though vehemently attacked for decades, who introduced the necessary concept that “the present is the key to the past”, into the mainstreams of geologic thinking”. A definite layer of deposit can form only upon a solid base; 2. LAMBS apparel and underwear block 99% of wireless radiation to keep the bad off your goods. Ibn Sina, (980-1037), whose name was Abu al-Hussayn ibn Abdullah ibn Sina, was an outstanding medical writer and physician.
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