[53] With the Genoese debt now removed, Olivares hoped to turn to indigenous bankers for renewed funds. [54] Financial restraints and higher taxes were put in place, but Philip was increasingly selling off regalian and feudal rights, along with much of the royal estate to fund the conflict. The marriages of Philip II, king of Spain, highlight the roles that women were expected to play in royal marriages of the time. His choice of his second wife, Maria Anna, also known as Mariana, Philip's niece and the daughter of Emperor Ferdinand III, was guided by politics and Philip's desire to strengthen the relationship with Habsburg Austria. Following Olivares' fall from power amidst the crisis of 1640–1643, the victim of failed policies and jealousy from the nobles excluded from power, Philip initially announced that he would rule alone, becoming in effect his own first minister. [27] Those debates extended to the nature of the monarchy. [68] As well as marking a strong personal religious belief, this increasingly visible link between the crown, the Church and national symbols such as the Virgin of Miracles, represented a key pillar of support for Philip as king. The spark of reform from Philip's earlier years never returned, however. [4] Victorian historians even attributed the early death of Baltasar to debauchery, encouraged by the gentlemen entrusted by the king with his education. Philip has in the past been considered to be 'unimaginative' in his politics,[5] but recent histories have stressed the more radical elements of his first two decades in power. As a person born on this date, Philip IV of Spain is listed in our database as the 51st most popular celebrity for the day (April 8). Outwardly he maintained a bearing of rigid solemnity; foreign visitors described him as being so impassive in public he resembled a statue,[6] and he was said to have been seen to laugh only three times in the course of his entire public life. In 1632, he wore a similar outfit for an important ceremony in which the Cortes of Castile pledged an oath of allegiance to his son and heir, Baltasar Carlos. Philip IV came to power as the influence of the Sandovals was being undermined by a new noble coalition, led by Don Baltasar de Zúñiga. Olivares advised Philip that the coming war with France would be all or nothing; Spain would win or fall by the result.[36]. Early in his reign, Philip would be woken by Olivares in the morning to discuss the day's affairs[17] and would meet with him twice more during the day, although later this routine declined until the king would hold only one short meeting on policy with Olivares each day. The Spanish treasure fleet of 1628 was captured by the Dutch, and Spain's ability to borrow and transfer money across Europe declined sharply. [12] Like many of his contemporaries, including Olivares, he had a keen interest in astrology. He was 62 years old when he died. Thereafter the King had no valido, but frequently relied on the advice of a nun and mystic, María de Ágreda, who corresponded with him on both spiritual matters and affairs of state. In 1623, he closed all the legal brothels in Spain, extended the dormant sumptuary laws on luxury goods and supported Papal efforts to regulate priests' sexual behaviour more tightly.[52]. The Peace of Westphalia, delivered by Olivares' replacement Luis de Haro, resolved the long running Eighty Years' War in the Netherlands and the wars in Germany, but the conflict with France dragged on. On beginning his … This is documented in over 600 confidential letters between them over a period of twenty-two years. In 1620, following the defeat of Frederick V (the elector palatine, or prince, from the Rhineland who had accepted the crown of Bohemia when it was offered to him in 1618) and the Bohemians, Spanish troops…, …1598–1621), and completely violated by Philip III (IV of Spain; 1621–40).…. 2. He was born at Versailles on the 19th of December 1683. Cha… Felipe had 4 siblings: Joanna of Austria Princess of Portugal and 3 other siblings. His reign, after a few passing years of barren successes, was a long story of political and military decay and disaster. [1], Philip remarried in 1649, following the deaths of both Elisabeth and his only legitimate heir. Philip IV had no male heir since the death of Balthasar Charles, his son by his first wife, Elisabeth of France, eleven years before, and as Spain's strength continued to ebb the issue of succession had become a matter of fervent and anxious prayer. This would lead Philip to renew hostilities with the Dutch in 1621 in an attempt to bring the provinces to the negotiating table with the aim of achieving a peace treaty favourable to Spanish global interests. Philip IV (Spanish: Felipe IV, Portuguese: Filipe III; 8 April 1605 – 17 September 1665) was King of Spain between 1621 and 1665 He was also sovereign of … [73], In the 1648 Treaty of Münster, he was styled "Don Philip the Fourth, by the grace of God king of Castile, Leon, Aragon, the Two Sicilies, Jerusalem, Navarre, Granada, Toledo, Valencia, Galicia, Majorca, Minorca, Seville, Sardinia, Cordoba, Corsica, Murcia, Jaen, Algeciras, Gibraltar, the Canary Islands, the Eastern and Western Indies, the islands and terra firma of the Ocean, archduke of Austria, duke of Burgundy, Brabant, Milan, count of Habsburg, Flanders, Tyrol, Barcelona, lord of Biscay and Molina, etc." Numerous artists from the Spanish Netherlands produced work extolling the Army of Flanders, including Vrancx, Snaeyers, Molenaer and de Hondt. Corrections? 4. Philip II, (May 21, 1527 – September 13, 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598, King of Naples from 1554 until 1598, king consort of England, as husband of Mary I, from 1554 to 1558, lord of the Seventeen Provinces from 1556 until 1581, holding various titles for the individual territories, such as duke or count; and King of Portugal and the Algarves as Philip I from 1580. He announced he would rule alone, rejecting both the concept of a royal favourite as first minister and the system of junta government, which he began to dismantle in favour of the older system of royal councils. [11] Philip supported a number of other prominent painters, including Eugenio Caxés, Vicente Carducho, Gonzales and Nardi. [23], Initially, Philip chose to confirm the reappointment of his father's household to assuage grandee opinion. Queen Isabella and the new president of the Council of Castile, Don Juan Chumacero – both involved in the removal of Olivares – encouraged the king to invite mystics and visionaries from across Europe to his court at Zaragoza. Philip reacted to the increased French threat by finally abandoning his 'Netherlands first' strategy; resources for the Army of Flanders were savagely cut, and the fight against the French-supported rebels Catalonia took the first priority. Philip was a fine horseman, a keen hunter and a devotee of bull-fighting,[5] all central parts of royal public life at court during the period. Generations are numbered by male-line descent from the first archdukes. NOW 50% OFF! [63] Despite some jealousy from the existing court painters, Velázquez rapidly became a success with Philip, being retained for the rest of his career until his death, painting a celebration of the Treaty of the Pyrenees for Philip. Philip's government would pursue a 'Netherlands first' strategy throughout the war until 1643. Court theatre used perspective scenery, a new invention from Italy not used in commercial theatre at the time. [57] Although Philip and Olivares were able to repress the ducal revolt, Philip had found himself increasingly isolated. Philip responded to the perceived weakness of France during the Fronde rebellions of 1648 by continuing the fight; he took personal responsibility for the decision to start a fresh, and ultimately successful, offensive against the French in Catalonia in 1651. Philip held the title of duc d’Anjou until 1700, when he emerged as a person of political importance. Frustrated by the notorious slowness of the system of royal councils, Philip supported Olivares' establishment of juntas – small committees designed to circumvent the more formal system and to enact policies quickly. Although interpretations of Philip's role in government have improved in recent years, Diego Velázquez's contemporary description of Philip's key weakness – that 'he mistrusts himself, and defers to others too much' — remain relevant. [17] At first, Philip did not particularly take to Olivares. [39] The Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659, and the marriage of Philip's daughter Maria Theresa to the young King Louis XIV[40] finally brought the war with France to a conclusion. By the 1630s, Philip's domestic policies were being increasingly impacted by the financial pressures of the Thirty Years' War, and in particular the growing war with France. [12] Notably, from the 1640s onwards he sought the advice and counsel of a noted cloistered abbess, Sor María de Ágreda, exchanging many letters with her. Philip IV King of Spain Filip IV Espanjan Kuningas Филипп IV Король Испании Filip IV Kung av Spanien Felipe IV Rey de España : Gender. Philip of Cognac was the son of Richard the Lionheart, King of England and a woman who was never identified. When he was younger, he was said to have a keen sense of humor and a 'great sense of fun'. On the stage, he favoured Lope de Vega, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, and other distinguished dramatists. Philip genuinely believed the success or failure of his policies represented God's favour and judgement on his actions. A year later, Philip III died of dysentery during a battle against Spain, and Philip IV became King of France, crowned January 6, 1286 at Reims. [8] He privately attended 'academies' in Madrid throughout his reign – these were lighthearted literary salons, aiming to analyze contemporary literature and poetry with a humorous touch. The two became regular correspondents throughout the remainder of their lives. The doctors who treated the Prince at that time in fact diagnosed smallpox, although modern scholars attribute his death to appendicitis. [20] Philip himself argued that it was hardly appropriate for the king himself to go house to house amongst his ministers to see if his instructions were being carried out. No, he died on 07/09/1746, 274 years ago. [4] Indeed, the limited Spanish military successes of the period were celebrated by royal artists to a disproportionate extent. [24] Under the influence of de Zúñiga and Olivares, however, Philip was then quick to place de Lerma's estates – expanded considerably during his long period as favourite – under administration, and to remove from office Cristóbal de Sandoval, Duke of Uceda, de Lerma's son, who had initially helped de Zúñiga remove his own father from office to advance his own position. Philip and Olivares attempted to address the perceived weaknesses of the army, which they concluded were primarily due to the falta de cabezas, or a lack of leadership. Some of his conclusions on naval policy were quite advanced: after the peace of 1648, Philip argued that the Dutch fleets off the Spanish peninsula were actually good for trade, despite concerns from his senior officials, since they provided protection against the English and French navies. Whilst married to Elisabeth, Philip had placed their children under the protection of this image; married to Mariana, they undertook special religious ceremonies together under the gaze of the painting. All of the marriages helped foster political alliances – either with other countries with whom Spain wanted peace in the interest of building more Spanish influence and power, or with closer relatives to keep the power of Spain, and the Habsburg family, strong. Common ancestors of Philip IV of Spain (1605-1665) and Maria Anna von Österreich (1634-1696) Albrecht V. von Bayern (1528-1579) Anna of Austria (1549-1580) Anna of Bohemia and Hungary (1503-1547) Anna von Österreich (1528-1590) Anne de Foix (1484-1506) Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire (1500-1558) Ferdinand I of the Holy Roman Empire (1503-1564) When Philip born she was 23 years old. [74] This committee excluded John, Philip's illegitimate son, resulting in a chaotic powerplay between Mariana and John until his death in 1679. Philip obtained paintings from across Europe, especially Italy, accumulating over 4,000 by the time of his death; some have termed this unparalleled assemblage a 'mega-collection'. [58], Much shaken by events, Philip's solution was to remove his royal favourite Olivares from office in 1643 in an attempt to compromise with the Spanish elite. His mother died at the age of 29 (Philip was 6 years old). Philip’s first wife was Elizabeth (Spanish, Isabel), daughter of Henry IV of France; after her death in 1644, he married Maria Anna (Mariana), daughter of the Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand III. [64], Philip was nicknamed el Rey Planeta, the 'Planet King',[65] by his contemporaries, and much of the art and display at his court has been interpreted in the context of his need to project power and authority, over both Spaniards and foreigners alike. Philip Prospero had been ill for quite some time before his November 1661 death. [1] Philip had seven children by Elisabeth, with only one being a son, Balthasar Charles, who died at the age of sixteen in 1646. [10] Others have captured his private personality as 'naturally kind, gentle and affable'. Philip IV, King of Spain, eldest son of Philip III and his wife Margaret, sister of the emperor Ferdinand II, was born at Valladolid on the 8th of April 1605. By the end of the decade, however, Philip's government was faced with the question of whether to prioritise the war in Flanders or Spain's relationship with France during the War of the Mantuan Succession (1628–1631). By the 1630s, the king was waiving the usual rules to enable promotion to higher ranks on a shorter timescale, and having to pay significantly inflated salaries to get grandees to take up even these appointments. [38] True victory over France never emerged, however, and by 1658, after the loss of Dunkirk to an Anglo-French force, Philip was personally desperate for peace. [by whom? De Haro has not been highly regarded by historians; the comment of one, that de Haro was the 'embodiment of mediocrity', is not atypical. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. siblings: Alphonse Maurice of Austria, Anne of Austria, Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria, Infante; Carlos, Margaret Frances of Austria, Maria Anna of Spain, Maria of Austria The Spanish armies won some conspicuous victories—for instance, the capture of Breda from the Dutch (1626) and the defeat of the Swedes and Weimarians at Nördlingen (1634)—but France declared open war in 1635, and Spain’s early successes were offset, from 1640, by the separatist rebellions of Catalonia and of Portugal (Portugal becoming independent in 1640 under John IV of the House of Bragança). Philip was also notable for his interest in the Spanish navy. The war against Portugal continued however, as Philip fruitlessly attempted to regain control over his lost kingdom. Although the relationship does not appear to have been close, some have suggested that Olivares, his key minister, later deliberately tried to keep the two apart to maintain his influence, encouraging Philip to take mistresses instead. Philip IV, (born April 8, 1605, Valladolid, Spain—died Sept. 17, 1665, Madrid), king of Spain (1621–65) and of Portugal (1621–40), during the decline of Spain as a great world power. A member of the House of Habsburg, Philip III was born in Madrid to King Philip II of Spain and his fourth wife and niece Anna, the daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II and Maria of Spain.Philip III later married his cousin Margaret of Austria, sister of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor.. Phillip was King of Spain during the Thirty Year’s War, a difficult period in European history. Luis de Haro, Olivares' nephew, took over as favourite and minister and the counter-reform of the juntas halted. People born on April 8 fall under the Zodiac sign of Aries, the Ram. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The 1620s were good years for Spanish foreign policy: the war with the Dutch went well, albeit at great expense, culminating in the retaking of the key city of Breda in 1624. Philip’s whole career was influenced by the fact that he was a grandson of Louis XIV of France and a great grandson of Philip IV, king of Spain. By the time of his death, the Spanish Empire had reached approximately 12.2 million square kilometers (4.7 million square miles) in area but in other aspects was in decline, a process to which Philip contributed with his inability to achieve successful domestic and military reform. Shortly after taking power he began to increase the size of his fleets, rapidly doubling the size of the naval budget from the start of his reign, then tripling it. The re-capture of Breda alone resulted in major works by Velázquez and the French etcher Jacques Callot, in addition to various plays and books. Maria (1 year younger) , Margaret (4 years older) , John (19 years younger) , Joanna (8 years younger) , Isabel (8 years older) , and Infante (2 years younger) Awards (1) Awarded Knight in the Order of the Holy Sepulchre. [69], During the emergency of 1640–1643, Philip appears to have had a crisis of faith. Internationally, it was important for Spanish prestige for her to receive at least a proportionate, and ideally greater, share of new saints than other Catholic kingdoms, and Philip sponsored a flurry of texts and books supporting Spain's candidates, particularly in competition with Catholic France. [56], Crisis came in 1640. [56], Monarchs during the period also had a key role in the canonization process and could utilise this for domestic or international political effect. [50] Philip and his government were desperately trying to reduce the responsibilities of central government in response to the overstretch of the war, and various reform ideas that might have been pursued during the 1620s were rejected on this basis. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Philip IV's reign, after a few years of inconclusive successes, was characterized by political and military decay and adversity. Philip is remembered for his patronage of the arts, including such artists as Diego Velázquez, and his rule over Spain during the Thirty Years' War. Wife - Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans. The costs of the war were huge, and whilst they had largely fallen upon Castile, the ability of the crown to raise more funds and men from this source was increasingly limited. Philip sought to unseat Henry IV, who was a Calvinist and put his daughter, Isabel Clara Eugenia, on the French throne. [5] The most famous of these affairs was with the actress María Inés Calderón (La Calderona),[15] with whom he had a son in 1629. [22] Philip's relationship with Olivares, however, was not a simplistic one. The situation began to stabilise, and before long Philip felt secure enough to revert to his preferred method of government. [25] Philip's initial announcements reflected an intent to reform the monarchy to the sober, moral position it had been under his grandfather, including selecting ministers whose grandfathers had served under Philip II.[26]. [35] Strategically this was to prove a disaster. Philip IV (Spanish: Felipe, Portuguese: Filipe; 8 April 1605 – 17 September 1665) was King of Spain from 1621 to his death and (as Philip III) King of Portugal from 1621 to 1640. Cause of death: stroke The mystics' principal advice centred on the importance of the king's rejecting Olivares' replacement, de Haro and the remaining pro-Olivares nobles at court. [21] The close relationship between Philip and Olivares was demonstrated by their portraits' being placed side by side at the Buen Retiro palace — an act unheard-of in Europe at the time. Philip IV, king of Spain (1621–65) and of Portugal (1621–40), during the decline of Spain as a great world power. Philip married his double-second cousin Maria Luisa of Savoy (17 September 1688 – 14 February 1714) on 3 November 1701and they had 4 sons: 1. Updates? [71] The various mystics were not acceptable to broader Spanish noble opinion and, with de Haro's encouragement, they were ultimately dismissed.[70]. This loose system had successfully resisted reform and higher taxation before, ironically resulting in Spain's having had historically, up until the 1640s at least, fewer than the usual number of fiscal revolts for an early modern European state. [43] He was prepared to involve himself in considerable details of naval policy; he was commenting on the detail of provisions for the armada in 1630, for example. There was a febrile atmosphere in Spain in the early 17th century, with numerous arbitrista offering various advice on how to solve Spain's various ills; this advice could, and would, be given in person by those of the lower classes to the king on suitable occasions, provided it was presented with the aim of strengthening the crown. Lisbon's nobles expelled Philip, and gave the throne to the Braganzas, marking the end of sixty years of the Iberian Union and the beginning of the Portuguese Restoration War. In 1620, following the defeat of Frederick V (the elector palatine, or prince, from the Rhineland who had accepted the crown of Bohemia... Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. The junta system of government began to be dismantled in favor of the older council system. Henry converted to Catholicism in 1593, declaring an all-out war against Spain … Throughout the period there was no 'weakening of the importance attached to naval forces'[46] by the king, who argued that joint land and naval operations were essential. Philip V of Spain Español: Felipe V de Borbón (Versalles, 19 de diciembre de 1683 - Madrid, 9 de julio de 1746 ), llamado el Animoso , rey de España , desde el 15 de noviembre de 1700 hasta su muerte, sucesor del último monarca Habsburgo de España, su tío-abuelo Carlos II, y …
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