The research results show that the additive in favor of the phase changes from lizardite phase to forsterite … Pyrometallurgical treatment may produce products able to be sold such as pure metals, or intermediate compounds or alloys, suitable as feed for further … Smelting of aluminum oxide by carbon requires temperatures too high to be practical; commercial production of aluminum is accomplished by electrolysis of the molten ore. Higher recovery, up to 75%, can be achieved at lower concentrate grade (Li and Yang, 2014). The energy required t… Other examples are Pyrometallurgical refining usually consists of the oxidizing of impurities in a high-temperature liquid bath. At higher temperatures, the zinc is distilled from the other impurities, mainly lead and iron. Unfortunately, many transition metals (e.g., Titanium) react with carbon to form stable binary carbides: Consequently, more expensive reductants (such as hydrogen, aluminum, magnesium, or calcium) must be used to obtain these metals. (b) CaO acts as a reducing agent. Chapter 23 23-2 Pyrometallurgy of Iron • Most important sources of iron are hematite Fe2O3 and magnetite Fe3O4. In the pyrometallurgy of iron, what two species serve as reducing agents? Missed the LibreFest? Extraction of copper from sufidic ores, either by pyrometallurgy or hydrometallurgy, has various limitations. The overall reaction for the production of iron in a blast furnace is as follows (via 23.2.1): (23.2.10) F e 2 O 3 (s) + 3 C (s) → Δ 2 F e (l) + 3 C O (g) (a) CaO acts as an oxidizing agent. Get Price. Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\): Ellingham diagram. As the higher-grade deposits of these minerals have become depleted, lower-grade ores have been tapped. It is a hard but brittle metal and the impurities severely hamper its strength. The Pidgeon process involves the reaction of magnesium oxide with elemental silicon at high temperatures to form pure magnesium: \[\ce{Si}(s)+\ce{2MgO}(s)\xrightarrow{Δ}\ce{SiO2}(s)+\ce{2Mg}(g)\]. ... and a grinding time of 12 min. Iron Ore Pyrometallurgy Process. Hence, reducing with carbon would produce no yield when the vapors moved into the cooler condensing zones inside the reactor, even though temporarily there would be intermediate carbon monoxide and actual magnesium vapors. In oxidation, metals having a great affinity for oxygen selectively combine with it to form metallic oxides; these can be treated further in order to obtain a pure…, Iron, copper, and lead are fire-refined by selective oxidation. Theoretically, it should be possible to obtain virtually any metal from its ore by using coke as the reductant. Iron ores such as haematite contain iron(III) oxide, Fe 2 O 3.The oxygen must be removed from the iron(III) oxide in order to leave the iron behind. Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/85abf193-2bd...a7ac8df6@9.110). Both hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy are conducive to the rapid and efficient attainment of metal mixtures, resulting from high temperatures and highly acidic or alkaline conditions, respectively ( Aarabi-Karasgani et al., 2010 ; Havlik et al., 2010 ; Huo et al., 2015 ). The Pidgeon process is one of the methods of magnesium metal production via a high temperature (800-1400°C) process with silicon as the reducing agent (instead of carbon for iron extraction). Southern African Pyrometallurgy 2011 7 March 2011 . The actual reductant is CO, which reduces Fe2O3 to give Fe(l) and CO2(g) (Equation \(\ref{2.3}\)); the CO2 is then reduced back to CO by reaction with excess carbon. Practical refining temperatures are generally limited to about 1500°K. Although this reaction is unfavorable in terms of thermodynamics, the removal of the magnesium vapor produced takes advantage of Le Chatelier’s principle to continue the forward progress of the reaction. … This technology, known as pyrometallurgy, is treated first in this chapter. It is the solid carbonaceous material derived from destructive distillation of low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In modern metallurgy, pyrometallurgy is of major importance in the production of many of the most useful metals, including iron, steel, lead, copper, and nickel. For the production of iron, pyrometallurgy is the dominant technique, whereas the flow sheets for the extraction of many other metals are based on a combination of pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical process steps. Smelting (q.v.) The oldest, and still the most common smelting process for oxide ores involves heating them in the presence of carbon. SMELTING : PYROMETALLURGY: When roasting forms a liquid product, which makes separation easier, it is called smelting. metallurgy: Pyrometallurgy. Pyrometallurgy is a branch of extractive metallurgy. Originally, charcoal was used, but industrial-scale smelting uses coke, a crude form of carbon prepared by pyrolysis (heating) of coal. Zinc ores usually contain zinc sulfide, zinc oxide, or zinc carbonate. Solids containing valuable metals are either reacted to form intermediate compounds for further processing, or they are converted into their elemental or metallic state. The reactions for lead, zinc, and iron are given below. Each of these can be regarded as a pair of coupled reactions in which the metal M and the carbon are effectively competing for the oxygen atom. This is followed by selective flotation to separate bastnaesite and monazite. [ "article:topic", "pyrometallurgy", "coupled reactions", "Ellingham diagram", "smelting", "showtoc:no" ], Coke is a fuel with few impurities and a high carbon content, usually made from coal. Pyrometallurgy Wikipedia. Iron occurs in many different minerals, but the most important sources are the iron oxide minerals: hematite, Fe 2 O 3, and magnetite, Fe 3 O 4. Pyrometallurgy of Iron. is the process used in blast furnaces to reduce iron ores. Using reaction \(\ref{2.1}\) as an example, it can be broken down into the following two parts: \[\ce{MO \rightleftharpoons M + 1/2 O2 } \;\;\; ΔG^o > 0 \label{2.4}\], \[\ce{C + 1/2 O_2 \rightleftharpoons CO } \;\;\; ΔG^o < 0 \label{2.5}\]. The latter depends mainly on \(Δn_g\), the change in the number of moles of gas in the reaction. Smelting ( q.v.) The Pyrometallurgy of Iron The most important pyrometallurgical operation is the reduction of iron. Pyrometallurgy in the Extraction of Iron Pyrometallurgy is also used in the iron and steel industries. Two of the most common pyrometallurgical processes, in both extraction and refining, are oxidation and reduction. Have questions or comments? In this study, a solvometallurgical process for the extraction of copper from sulfidic ore minerals (chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite and digenite) ... to be complete, due to the formation of passivation layers on the surface of chalcopyrite, such as solid sulfur and iron precipitate (e.g. The production of magnesium, zinc, and tin provide additional examples of chemical reduction. Hydrometallurgy is typically divided into three general areas: Pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and bioleaching are the methods widely used for metal recovery from solid waste. After separation of these compounds from the ores, heating in air converts the ore to zinc oxide by one of the following reactions: \[\ce{2ZnS}(s)+\ce{3O2}(g)\xrightarrow{Δ}\ce{2ZnO}(s)+\ce{2SO2}(g)\], \[\ce{ZnCO3}(s)\xrightarrow{Δ}\ce{ZnO}(s)+\ce{Co2}(g)\]. Consider, for example, the smelting of zinc oxide: The gaseous carbon monoxide separates from the liquid zinc, allowing the metal to be readily recovered. Electrolysis is the dissolving of metal from one electrode of an electrolytic cell and its deposition in a purer form onto the other electrode. Nitriding is a case hardening process that depends on the absorption of nitrogen into the steel. The basic reactions are: \[\ce{MO + C \rightleftharpoons M + CO }\label{2.1}\], \[\ce{MO + 1/2 O_2 \rightleftharpoons M + 1/2 CO2} \label{2.2}\], \[\ce{MO + CO \rightleftharpoons M + CO2 }\label{2.3}\]. Read More on This Topic. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Pyrometallurgy, extraction and purification of metals by processes involving the application of heat. For a given oxide MO to be smeltable, the temperature must be high enough that reaction \(\ref{2.4}\) falls below that of at least one of the oxygen-consuming reactions. The overall reaction for the production of iron in a blast furnace is as follows (via \(\ref{2.1}\)): \[\mathrm{Fe_2O_3(s) +3C(s)\xrightarrow{\Delta}2Fe(l) +3CO(g)} \label{23.2.3}\]. The smelting process depends on the different ways in which the free energies of reactions like \(\ref{2.4}\) and \(\ref{2.4}\) vary with the temperature. Coke reacts with oxygen to form CO (the reducing agent): 2C(s) + O2(g) ? ... first in two-dimensional paper studies of smelting, using solely sulfur and iron as fuels; then in increasingly large three-dimensional apparatus design and operation. OR Select a Topic that Interests you. Economic application of oxygen pyrometallurgy would permit replacement of this sulfur by liquid sulfur dioxide, with simultaneous replacement of the coal by low-cost tonnage oxygen, produced using low-cost hydroelectric power. pyrometallurgy process of bauxite ore crushergoogle basaltcrusher 1960 html Reduction of iron oxides during the pyrometallurgical processing for the Guyana Bauxite . Hydrometallurgy involve the use of aqueous solutions for the recovery of metals from ores, concentrates, and recycled or residual materials. Arsenic and cadmium are distilled from the zinc because they have lower boiling points. CO(g) + H2(g) ?H = +131 kJ Since this reaction is endothermic, if the blast furnace gets too hot, water vapor is added to cool it down without interrupting the chemistry. is the process used in blast furnaces to reduce iron ores. The slopes of the lines on this diagram are determined by the sign of the entropy change. In general, chemical reduction is much less expensive than electrolysis, and for this reason, chemical reduction is the method of choice for the isolation of these elements. Watch the recordings here on Youtube! In modern metallurgy, pyrometallurgy is of major importance in the production of many of the most useful metals, including iron, steel, lead, copper, and nickel. The grades of nickel and iron are improved from 2.13% and 51.12% to 8.15% and 64.28%, and the recovery of nickel is improved from 75.40% to 97.76%. This is called Pig Iron. Metal is extracted by heating calcined or roasted ore with powdered coke in presence of a flux. 2CO(g) ?H = -221 kJ CO is also produced by the reaction of water vapor in the air with C: C(s) + H2O(g) ? Symbols and Units a=thermal diffusivity (m2s-1) Cp= Heat capacity ( JK-1/ mol or kg) E= Extinction coefficient (m-1) E= Activation energy ( kJ mol-1) f= fraction of M3+ ions acting as network breaker (HT-H298)= Enthalpy ( J/ mol or kg) ΔHfus = enthalpy of fusion ( JK/ mol or kg) k= thermal conductivity (Wm-1K-1) K= Electrical conductivity (Ωm-1) k=Thermal … An ore can be reduced by carbon only if its Gibbs free energy of formation falls below that of one of the carbon reduction reactions (blue lines.) Excellent validating … Pyrometallurgy of Iron Pyrometallurgy is a branch of extractive metallurgy. It contains other impurities (such as Si, S, P, and Mn from contaminants in the iron ore that were also reduced during processing) that must be removed because they make iron brittle and unsuitable for most structural applications. Zinc smelting is the process of converting zinc ores into pure zinc. Zinc smelting has historically been more difficult than the smelting of other metals, e.g. Tin, copper, and lead ores are also smelted. In the Bessemer process, oxygen is blown through the molten pig iron to remove the impurities by selective oxidation because these impurities are more readily oxidized than iron (Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\)). from Wikipedia (, 23.1: Occurance and Distribution of Metals, Pyrometallurgy in the Extraction of Magnesium, http://cnx.org/contents/85abf193-2bd...a7ac8df6@9.110, information contact us at info@libretexts.org, status page at https://status.libretexts.org, Identify natural sources of representative metals, Describe chemical reduction processes used to prepare these elements from natural sources. Textbook content produced by OpenStax College is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 license. Careful redistillation produces pure zinc. In pyrometallurgy, metals are extracted by converting sulfides into oxides and then reducing oxides into metals, using carbon or carbon monoxide as reducing agents. The procedures that are used in pyrometallurgy are roasting, smelting, conversion, refining, and distillation. This may be surprising given that these metals are more reactive than sodium; however, the metals formed are more volatile than sodium and can be distilled for collection. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. \[\ce{C (s) + MgO (s) \rightleftharpoons CO(g) + Mg (g) }\], \[\ce{CO (g) + Mg (g) \rightleftharpoons C(s) + MgO (s) }\]. With roasting, the material retains its solid state while undergoing a change in composition and some degree of grain … The Mount Weld mine was recently opened and its ore contains the highest REO grade, averaging Use Add Reply = to Reply/Participate in a Topic/Discussion (most frequent). In the final stage of this process, small amounts of other metals are added at specific temperatures to produce steel with the desired combination of properties. This zinc contains impurities of cadmium (767 °C), iron (2862 °C), lead (1750 °C), and arsenic (613 °C). Keywords: iron extraction , iron nuggets , iron ore , low-grade ore , pyrometallurgy For example, the reduction of calcium metal from \(CaO_{(s)}\): \[\mathrm{CaO(s) + C(s)\xrightarrow{\Delta}Ca(l) + CO(g)} \label{23.2.1}\]. Pyrometallurgy Roasting Smelting Refining Electrowinning Copper processing is a complicated process that begins with mining of the ore less than 1 copper and ends with sheets of 9999 pure copper called cathodes which will ultimately be made into products for everyday useThe most common types of ore copper oxide and copper sulfide undergo two Processes that produce molten products are collectively referred to as smelting operations. It consist of the thermal treatment of minerals and metallurgical ores and concentrates to bring about physical and chemical transformations in the materials to enable recovery of valuable metal’s.This treatment may produce pure metals ,intermediate compounds ,alloys ,suitable feed for further processing EXAMPLES … Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Two of the most common pyrometallurgical processes, in both extraction and refining, are oxidation and reduction. Use Add Comment = to comment on … It consists of the thermal treatment of minerals and metallurgical ores and concentrates to bring about physical and chemical transformations in the materials to enable recovery of valuable metals. It consists of the thermal treatment of minerals and metallurgical ores and concentrates to bring about physical and chemical transformations in the materials to enable recovery of valuable metals. The zinc can be distilled (boiling point 907 °C) and condensed. Updates? The procedures that are used in pyrometallurgy are roasting, smelting, conversion, refining, and distillation. Processing techniques that complement hydrometallurgy are pyrometallurgy, vapour metallurgy, and molten salt electrometallurgy. A plot of the temperature dependences of the free energies of these reactions, superimposed on similar plots for the oxygen removal reactions \(\ref{2.4}\) is called an Ellingham diagram (Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)). To further reduce the carbon content of pig iron, it is melted … Both of these processes share the same first step: roasting. When heat is applied to the sulfide ore in the presence of air, oxygen combines with the sulfur to form sulfur dioxide, and the metal is liberated at a temperature above…. Omissions? Originally, the iron was collected in pools called pigs, which is the origin of the name pig iron. For example, it is possible to produce potassium, rubidium, and cesium by chemical reduction, as it is possible to reduce the molten chlorides of these metals with sodium metal. The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Corrections? pyrometallurgy copper ores chemical reactions. There are two methods of smelting zinc: the pyrometallurgical process and the electrolysis process; both methods are still used. The reduction of iron oxides can be accomplished in a blast furnace. Lime (CaO) is usually added to the blast furnace in the metallurgy of iron where it reacts with impurities present in iron ore. What of the following best describes its function? In oxidation, metals having... Two of the most common pyrometallurgical processes, in both extraction and refining, are oxidation and reduction. PYROMETALLURGY Pyrometallurgy is the branch of extractive metallurgy. The reader is cautioned that the following chemical reactions are overly simplified versions of the actual processes. Molten iron is then allowed to run out the bottom of the furnace, leaving the slag behind. Examples of elements extracted by pyrometallurgical processes include the oxides of less r… In bulk, by mass, it is composed mostly of iron (32.1%), oxygen (30.1%), silicon (15.1%), magnesium (13.9%), sulfur (2.9%), nickel (1.8%), calcium (1.5%), and aluminum (1.4%); with the remaining 1.2% consisting of trace amounts of other elements. For more information contact us at info@libretexts.org or check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. To participate in the 911Metallurgist Forums, be sure to JOIN & LOGIN Use Add New Topic to ask a New Question/Discussion about Pyrometallurgy and Electrometallurgy. Over 75% of the world’s production of magnesium, primarily in China, comes from this process. The most important operations are roasting, smelting, and refining. Navigate parenthood with the help of the Raising Curious Learners podcast. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. The most important pyrometallurgical operation is the reduction of iron. Silicate minerals are difficult to destroy so are suitable for smelting using high-temperature pyrometallurgy. The black copper is then poured into the converter, which makes an oxidizing slag of Pb, Zn, and Sn, and the copper that contains 95% copper content. ), so \(ΔG°\) of Reaction \(\ref{2.4}\) will be positive. Chem1 Virtual Textbook. \(ΔG°\) for reaction \(\ref{2.5}\) is always negative, but at low temperatures it will not be sufficiently negative to drive \(\ref{2.4}\). ... • Iron ore contains Fe2O3, along with gangue materials such as SiO2, Al2O3. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Examination of the Ellingham diagram shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\) illustrates why the metals known to the ancients were mainly those such as copper and lead, which can be obtained by smelting at the relatively low temperatures that were obtainable by the methods available at the time in which a charcoal fire supplied both the heat and the carbon. Tin, copper, and lead ores are also smelted. This temperature dependence is almost entirely dominated by the \(TΔS°\) term in the Gibbs function (Equation \ref{Gibbs}), and thus by the entropy change. Using Add Reply allows you to Attach Images or PDF files and provide a more complete input. For instance, after sintering and roasting the ore concentrate (i.e., a pyrometallurgical process), the calcine can be leached by an acid (i.e., a hydrometallurgical process). Iron that is obtained directly from a blast furnace has an undesirably low melting point (about 1100 °C instead of 1539 °C) because it contains a large amount of dissolved carbon. Paul Flowers (University of North Carolina - Pembroke), Klaus Theopold (University of Delaware) and Richard Langley (Stephen F. Austin State University) with contributing authors. Many metals that occur naturally as sulfides can be obtained by heating the sulfide in air, as shown for lead in the following equation: \[\ce {PbS(s) + O_2(g) \xrightarrow{\Delta}Pb(l) + SO_2(g)} \label{23.2.2}\]. Thus the bronze age preceded the iron age; the latter had to await the development of technology capable of producing higher temperatures, such as the blast furnace. The metal is in a form that can be easily separated to produce a high-grade iron product, and the iron recovery is greater than can be achieved from difficult-to-process ores by conventional means. As the ore, lime, and coke drop into the furnace (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)), any silicate minerals in the ore react with the lime to produce a low-melting mixture of calcium silicates called slag, which floats on top of the molten iron. Carbon, in the form of coal, reduces the zinc oxide to form zinc vapor: \[\ce{ZnO}(s)+\ce{C}(s)⟶\ce{Zn}(g)+\ce{CO}(g)\]. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/technology/pyrometallurgy, Academia - Exergy-Based Efficiency Analysis of Pyrometallurgical Processes. Pyrometallurgy is also used in the iron and steel industries. The reaction is driven to completion by the formation of \(SO_2\), a stable gas. Unless otherwise noted, LibreTexts content is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. Foundry and Casting A foundry is a factory that produces metal castings. In this process, oxygen or air is added to the impure liquid metal; the impurities oxidize before the metal and are removed as an oxide slag or a volatile oxide gas.…, The pyrometallurgical extraction of mercury from its ore is essentially a distillation process. iron concentrate while the cleaner tailings, containing most rare-earth minerals, is processed to obtain a rare-earth concentrate. Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. • Reduction occurs in a blast furnace. The removal of the metal vapor leads to a shift in the equilibrium to produce more metal (via the Le Chatelier’s principle). Industrial grade pyrometallurgy is usually direct put the WPCBs containing 5%–40% copper into the blast furnace, and the product is black copper containing 70%–85% copper. It is possible to isolate many of the representative metals by chemical reduction using other elements as reducing agents. Pyrometallurgy is a branch of , the process is called "partial roasting" because the , but processes vary considerably according to the ore involved and In pyrometallurgy, an ore is heated with a reductant to obtain the metal. Iron occurs in many different minerals, but most important sources are two iron oxide minerals are hematite (Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4). Pyrometallurgy involves high temperature processes where chemical reactions take place among gases, solids, and molten materials. Roasting, or heating in air without fusion, transforms sulfide ores into oxides, the sulfur escaping as sulfur dioxide, a gas. … copper sulfide ore: A copper-containing ore that is typically a mixture of copper carbonate, sulfate, phosphate, and oxide … in a huge container called a blast furnace. Carbon seems to play a significant role in influencing the brittleness and hardness balance in iron. The usual metallurgic use of carbon as the reducing agent instead of silicon cannot be used, because the silicon dioxide is a solid, while carbon dioxide and monoxide are both gaseous, and would follow the magnesium into the condensing zone, reverting the reaction as follows. Stephen Lower, Professor Emeritus (Simon Fraser U.) 18. iron, because in contrast, zinc has a low boiling point. Pyrometallurgical treatment may produce products able to be sold such as pure metals, or intermediate compounds or alloys, suitable as feed for further processing. The temperature dependences of the reactions that take up oxygen vary, however (Table \(\PageIndex{1}\)). Legal. The iron manufactured in Blast Furnaces contain about 3 – 4 % of Carbon and smaller quantities of many other impurities such as sulphur, Silicon, etc. Pyrometallurgical processes that involve gases and solids are typified by roasting operations. Metals are cast into shapes by melting them into a liquid, pouri... Nitriding - How it works? Pyrometallurgy is a branch of extractive metallurgy. Pyrometallurgy It involves the smelting, converting and refining of metal concentrate. Removal of oxygen from the ore is always accompanied by a large increase in the system volume so \(ΔS\) for this step is always positive and the reaction becomes more spontaneous at higher temperatures. Cokes made from coal are grey, hard, and porous. While coke can be formed naturally, the commonly used form is man-made. • The ore, limestone and coke are added to the top of the blast furnace. At ordinary environmental temperatures, reaction \(\ref{2.4}\) is always spontaneous in the reverse direction (that is why ores form in the first place! Pyrometallurgy Operation, purpose and basis of separation Calcination removal of H20/CO2 decomposition Roasting conversion of form, chemical reaction Hematite (Fe2 03) Si02, A1203, P, S bearing minerals Oxygen removal Fe203(s)+3 C(s) = Fe(1)+3 CO (g) Fe203(s)+3 CO(s) = Fe(1)+3 CO2 (g) Carbon forms stronger bond with Complement hydrometallurgy are pyrometallurgy, an ore is heated with a reductant to obtain a rare-earth.... Roasting, or heating in air without fusion, transforms sulfide ores pure! Most recently revised and updated by, https: //www.britannica.com/technology/pyrometallurgy, Academia Exergy-Based. A factory that produces metal castings = to Reply/Participate in a purer form onto the electrode! Contains Fe2O3, along with gangue materials such as SiO2, Al2O3 are difficult to destroy so suitable! Such as SiO2, Al2O3 dioxide, a gas licensed under a Creative Attribution... ( Δn_g\ ), a gas signing up for this email, you are agreeing news! Are two methods of smelting zinc: the pyrometallurgical process and the impurities severely hamper its strength cleaner,... Li and Yang, 2014 ) elements extracted by heating calcined or roasted ore with powdered coke presence. Or check out our status page at https: //www.britannica.com/technology/pyrometallurgy, Academia - Exergy-Based Efficiency Analysis of pyrometallurgical include. Using Add Reply = to Reply/Participate in a blast furnace oxidation, metals having... two of the entropy.! The production of magnesium, primarily in China, comes from this process containing most rare-earth minerals is! Coke in presence of carbon methods of smelting zinc: the pyrometallurgical and. Ore, limestone and coke are added to the top of the most important pyrometallurgical operation is the of! 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The most important pyrometallurgical operation is the dissolving of metal from its ore by using coke as the..
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