website. Concussion Suit, New York Times, April 22, 2015. Others suggest that the uncertainty favors taking actions now rather than waiting until too much damage is done, as happened with tobacco. How do we answer that question? [38] Jesse Mez et al., Duration of American Football Play and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopothy, Annals of Neurology, 2019; DOI: 10.1002/ana.25611. The short answer is that the utilitarian approach ignores the existence of rights, which are supposed to resist appeals to utility. (2010). utilitarianism supports strong rights both of democratic participation and of individual freedom of action. These studies are broken down by football league level: Given the results of the studies above, it is not surprising that there has been a strong outcry against football. Are there other cognitive biases and heuristics that might adversely affect your moral reasoning if you are not careful? Utilitarianism is one of the most important and influential moral theories of modern times. A study of former high school and college football players found that RHI exposure predicted later-life apathy, depression, executive dysfunction, and cognitive impairment. The Utilitarian theory of property seeks to maximize the population’s utility when a property decision is made, the greatest good for the greatest amount of people. In deciding whether it is ethical for you to buy amber from Myanmar, do you need to guard against the self-serving bias unduly affecting your decision? Why or why not? Ethics, Population Health Policy, and Sports-Related TBI, in Sociolcultural Examinations of Sports Concussions (Matt Ventresca & Mary McDonald eds, 2020); Alan Schwarz et al., N.F.L.’s Flawed Concussion Research and Ties to Tobacco Industry, New York Times, March 24, 2016. Utilitarianism is a theory of morality, which advocates actions that foster happiness and opposes actions that cause unhappiness. The theory of universal interest is applied to human rights through the adoption of standards by which governments should be held accountable for the treatment of its citizens (Nickel, 2010) by the global community. Utilitarian and retributivist are the two major theories used in support of punishments (Corlett, 2006). What factors go into each side of the equation? A 2016 study found no elevated risk of suicide in a population of players with at least five years in the league. [52], On the other hand, while football helmets can prevent fractured skulls, they will likely never be able to prevent concussions. High school athletes are reluctant to report concussions. utilitarian theory to practical cases (Bailey, 1997). One could argue that laws that endorse the death penalty are a violation of security rights, especially given the fact that a fool-proof method of proving guilt exists. [39] Atheendar S. Venkataramani et al, Association Between Playing American Football and Long-term Mortality, JAMA, 319(8): 800-806  (2018). Ethics, Population Health Policy, and Sports-Related TBI, in Sociolcultural Examinations of Sports Concussions (Matt Ventresca & Mary McDonald eds, 2020). [32] Many researchers in the area recently published an article saying: Contrary to common perception, the clinical syndrome of CTE has not yet been fully defined. The government then forced more than 5000 inhabitants from their homes and villages, as well as from the amber mines. No. In Mill’s … Despite these historical roots, we now tend think of utilitarianism as fundamentally at odds with right-theory (for reasons discussed in lecture). Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Using this moral theory as a basis, Bentham asserted that the ultimate goal of government and all of morality was the advancement of public welfare (Postema, 2006). Earlyprecursors to the Classical Utilitarians include the British M… This has led some to suggest that the NFL is a modern plantation. The Utilitarian theory of property looks to maximize utility for all people when property decisions are made. HAVEN’T FOUND ESSAY YOU WANT? Eighty-eight percent of everyone stopped were innocent of any wrong doing. The Utilitarian theory of the justification of punishment stands in opposition to the “retributive” theory, according to which punishment is intended to make the criminal “pay” for his crime. It is the only moral … Bentham’s theory of political morality gave way for the theory of universal interest, defined as “a set of interests held in common by all members of the community in the realization of which each member has a distinct and positive share” (Postema, 2006). An NFL player who plays 24 games increases the likelihood of premature death by 16%. [93] Daniel Goldberg, What Does the Precautionary Principle Demand of Us? Much of the defense of utilitarian ethics has consisted in answering these objections, either by showing that utilitarianism does not have the implications that its opponents claim it has or by arguing against the opponents’ moral intuitions. can send it to you via email. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. [88] Kathleen Bachynski, Youth Football is a Moral Abdication, The Atlantic, Feb. 1, 2020. [63] Matt Ventresca, The Curious Case of CTE: Mediating Materialities of Traumatic Brain Injury, Communication & Sport, 7(2): 135-156 (2019). Some people accuse the media (and others) of hysterically overhyping the dangers of tackle football to the brain. A theory of justice must be arrived at which goes beyond government allocations of property titles, and which can, therefore, serve as a basis for criticizing such allocations. Toward a Theory of Justice in Property Utilitarianism cannot be supported as a groundwork for property rights or, a fortiori, for the free-market economy. Justice, in its broadest sense, is the principle that people receive that which they deserve, with the interpretation of what then constitutes "deserving" being impacted upon by numerous fields, with many differing viewpoints and perspectives, including the concepts of moral correctness based on ethics, rationality, law, religion, equity and fairness. The basic content of utilitarian theory is measured in pleasure and pain. The Utilitarian Theory / Incentive Theory . A 2017 study found CTE in 21% of donated brains of deceased high school football players. [86] Ted Tatos, Playing Games with College Athletes’ Lives, The American Prospect, May 20, 2020. SAMPLE. [16] Kevin M. Guskiewicz et al., Recurrent Concussion and Risk of Depression in Retired Professional Football Players, Medicine & Science in Sports & Leisure, 39(6): 903-909 (2007). [79] Peter Benson, Big Football: Corporate Social Responsibility and the Culture and Color of Injury in America’s Most Popular Sport, Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 41(4): 307-334 (2017); Daniel Goldberg, What Does the Precautionary Principle Demand of Us? Ethics, Population Health Policy, and Sports-Related TBI, in Sociolcultural Examinations of Sports Concussions (Matt Ventresca & Mary McDonald eds, 2020). Bry believes that this will never happen. [50] Ken Belson, Judge Approves Deal in N.F.L. It gives qualified priority to ‘rules of justice’ as Hume’s remarks on ‘that species of utility which attends this virtue’ require. If subconcussive blows are the cause of C.T.E., how much impact is too much? Given its insistence on summing the benefits and harms of all people, utilitarianism asks us to look beyond self-interest to consider impartially the interests of all persons affected by our actions. If you need this or any other sample, we Some of these are high impacts comparable to those experienced in high school and college games. While some researchers and universities feel as though they should refrain from making such amber purchases, their failure to participate enables many private collectors to remove collections from the public or to charge researchers an exorbitant fee for access. [35]  Other studies have involved skewed samples, including one where all the NFL players’ brains had been donated because of mental declines that the donors had suffered before their deaths.[36]. Is this ever a consideration that buyers should take into account? Which approach do you find more persuasive, and why? They can suffer concussions from milder collisions than would be required to concuss a collegiate or professional player. The difficulty with this theory stems from defining and aggregating a measure of utility comparable for all people in a cost-benefit analysis. [74] Dave Bry, American Football is Too Dangerous, and It Should Be Abolished, The Guardian (UK), Jan. 4, 2016. Amber also plays an invaluable role in research. It is a form of consequentialism. Is it always a consideration that buyers should take into account? Three features are used to define and identify universal interest. Lastly, compositionalism ties social welfarism to individual welfarism, so that the welfare of the community is strictly compounded by the welfare of individuals (Postema, 2006). The NFL and universities, among others, urge no rash actions until there is more concrete proof of a causal link between concussions and adverse health outcomes. [28] Eamon T. Campolettano et al., Development of a Concussion Risk Function for a Youth Population Using Heal Linear and Rotational Acceleration, Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 48(1): 92 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-019-02382-2. Is your opinion altered by the fact that the scientist quoted above is the neurologist for the Michigan State University football team? Football rules intentionally create high speed collisions between human beings, making such injuries inevitable and the sport controversial. (1964). [21] Adnan A. Hirad, A Common Neural Signature of Brain Injury in Concussion and Subconcussion, Science Advances 5(8), Aug. 2019. 51 animated videos - 1 to 2 minutes each - define key ethics terms and concepts. Some argue against paternalism and in favor of individual choice, believing that adults (at least) should be able to choose to engage in boxing (and presumably to play football) despite its potentially adverse consequences for brain health. 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